Confounders can be identified by one of two main strategies: empirical or theoretical. Although confounder identification strategies that combine empirical and theoretical strategies have been ...

Confounding bias occurs when the effect of the exposure of interest is misattributed, or confounded, by other extraneous factors, called confounders, which are correlated with both the exposure and ...

Using observed imbalances between study groups (e.g., exposed and unexposed) to determine variables for confounding adjustment in nonrandomized studies may misguide the selection of variables to ...