Several bacteria from the Clostridium genus produce botulinum neurotoxins—the most potent biological toxins known—that cause botulism by blocking neurotransmitter release from nerves. Typically, the ...

The cholera toxin, secreted by Vibrio cholerae, remains a central focus in understanding the molecular pathology of cholera. Its multi-faceted interaction with host cell receptors, predominantly the ...

Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) has emerged as an indispensable intervention for managing spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). By inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, ...

In the warm summertime waters of Lake Erie, cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, can proliferate out of control, creating algal blooms that produce toxins at a rate that can harm wildlife and human ...